[es] - ACL, Quotas, Automount/fstab, LV, Named, NFS, RAID

Machiavelli...
Đorđe Đokanović
IT Support Engineer II
www.amazon.com
Philadelphia

Član broj: 90589
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*.hsd1.pa.comcast.net.

Sajt: www.linkedin.com/in/dorde..

+92 Profil

ACL, Quotas, Automount/fstab, LV, Named, NFS, RAID

^{02.09.2010. u 06:23 - pre 167 meseci}

ACL - Access Control Lists

Prvo mora da se u fstab doda

Code:
LABEL=/home /home ext3 defaults,acl 0 0

ili na nekom drugom mount point-u.

zatim

Code:
mount -o remount -o acl LABEL=/home

da vidimo trenutni ACL na /home/folderu

Code:
getfacl /home/djordje

sada treba da podesiti prvo acl za folder u kom je file

Code:
setfacl -m user:djordje:r-x /home/djordje

Code:
setfacl -m mask:r-x /home/djordje

maska je vazna jer ona dozvoljava svima sa acl liste odredjeni pristup, kako smo je vec podesili.

Da objasnim malo ovo

Imamo folder test, gde je useru(root) dozvoljeno rwx, grupu i other su oduzeta sva prava.

Code:
drwx------ 3 root root 4096 Aug 24 08:22 test

Izlistacemo ACL

Code:
getfacl test

# file: test
# owner: root
# group: root
user::rwx
group::---
other::---

Sada dozvolimo useru djordje da pristupi folderu

Code:
setfacl -m u:djordje:rx test/

namestimo masku samo read

Code:
setfacl -m m:r test/

dobijamo sledeci ACL na test

Code:
getfacl test
# file: test
# owner: root
# group: root
user::rwx
user:djordje:r-x #effective:r--
group::---
mask::r--
other::---

U ovoj situaciji i pored rx premisija za usera djordje on ne moze da pristupi folderu zbog effective premisije maske!
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For example, to give read and write permissions to user andrius:

Citat:

setfacl -m u:andrius:rw /project/somefile

For example, to remove all permissions from the user with UID 500:

Code:
setfacl -x u:500 /project/somefile

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To set a default ACL, add d: before the rule and specify a directory instead of a file name.

For example, to set the default ACL for the /share/ directory to read and execute for users not in the user group (an access ACL for an individual file can override it):

Code:
setfacl -m d:o:rx /share

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Code:
setfacl -m u::rx,g::rw,m:---,u:djordje:rw dir

:: izmedju usera i prava znaci da se odnose na sve usere
da se izbrise dafault

Code:
setfacl -k dir

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Quotas

fstab

Code:
/dev/VolGroup00/LogVol00 / ext3 defaults,grpquota,usrquota 1 1

posle promene a mora i remount (mount -o remount /home) ako je / onda mora restart

zatim izvrsite sledecu komandu

Code:
quotacheck -avcm

zatim dodeljumemo koliko prostora moze svako da koristi

Code:
edquota user_name

Code:
edquota -t

(grace period za soft, posle toga ne user ne moze nista da dodaje nego mora da obrise nesto da bi oslobodio prostor)

Citat:

repquota -s /

("/" je mout na kom je namestena quota, ova komanda ce izlistati kvote za sve usere na mount pointu)

Code:
edquota -up bora aleksa vesna

(ovo ce da iskopira quota settings bore na aleksu i vesnu)

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SUDOERS

Code:
visudo

se koristi za izmenu ovog file

/etc/sudoers

Automount/fstab

automount

Code:
cd              -fstype=iso9660,ro,nosuid,nodev :/dev/cdrom
nfs             -fstype=nfs 192.168.1.10:/nfs_homes/home
project         -fstype=ext3 :/dev/sdb1        (to mount localfilesystem)
samba           -fstype=cifs,username=djordje,password=djordje ://192.168.1.10/samba_shares

fstab

Code:
//192.168.1.10/samba_shares     /root/samba     cifs    username=djordje,password=djordje 0 0
192.168.1.10:/nfs_homes/home /root/nfs          nfs     soft,timeo=300 0 0

Vrlo je vazno da se zapamti tacan format za automount i fstab, ovo "://" nije "//" ili ":/", ukoliko pogresimo jednostavno se to nece mountovati.

Grub

/boot/grub/grub.conf

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ako hocemo da stavimo sifru

Code:
grub-md5-crypt

zatim u grub.conf

ovako

password --md5 copy-of-the-output

Da se ukuca sifra u Grub, pritisnite "p"
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komande u grub.conf

Code:
grub> find (hd0,0)/grub/grub.conf
(i menjamo ovu drugu "0" redom dok ne dobijemo pravu particiju)

komande redom

Citat:
root
kernel vmlinuz (tab za complete)
initrd (tab za complete)
boot

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LVs , VGs , PVs

Krenucemo redom. Imamo disk/particije sdb1 i sdc1

Prvo kreiramo Phisical Volumes

Code:
pvcreate /dev/sdc1
pvcreate /dev/sdb1

Code:
pvscan

PV /dev/sdb1 lvm2 [486.31 MB]
PV /dev/sdc1 lvm2 [486.31 MB]

kada kreiramo 2 ili vise physical volume onda kreiramo Volume group

Citat:
vgcreate prvaGrupa /dev/sdb1 /dev/sdc1
vgscan
Reading all physical volumes. This may take a while...
Found volume group "prvaGrupa" using metadata type lvm2

Sada mozemo da pravimo Logical Volumes u “prvaGrupa” grupi. Imamo oko 1GB (2 puta po oko 500MB) da rasporedimo na koliko vec zelimo Lv
Da kreiramo LV “prvi-lv” u grupi “prvaGrupa” velicine 200M

Code:
lvcreate -L 200m prvaGrupa -n prvi-lv
Logical volume "prvi-lv" created
lvscan
ACTIVE            '/dev/prvaGrupa/prvi-lv' [200.00 MB] inherit

Nakon sto smo kreirali LV, formatiracemo ga I koritsiti kao normalnu particiju.

Code:
mkfs.ext3 /dev/prvaGrupa/prvi-lv
mkdir test
mount -t ext3 /dev/prvaGrupa/prvi-lv test/

Da bi ovaj mount “preziveo” restart idemo u fstab I

Code:
/dev/prvaGrupa/prvi-lv /test                    ext3    defaults        0 0

mozemo da dodajemo nove particije na VG

Code:
vgextend prvaGrupa /dev/sdb2

ukloniti particiju iz VG

Code:
vgreduce prvaGrupa /dev/sdb2

da vidimo sta imamo i gde se nalazi LV, GV, PV

Citat:
vgdisplay
lvdisplay
lvscan
pvscan
vgscan

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da dodamo novi prostor (300MB)

Code:
lvextend -L +300M /dev/prvaGrupa/prvi-lv

Uglavnom novi prostor je dodat bez dodatnih akcija, ali moguce je da je potrebno umount, resize2fs.

Code:
resize2fs /dev/prvaGrupa/prvi-lv

Ukoliko ovo pravi probleme onda mora unmount pa

Code:
e2fsck -f /dev/prvaGrupa/prvi-lv

Da smanjimo velicinu LV za 100MB

Code:
lvreduce -L -100M /dev/prvaGrupa/prvi-lv

Napomena, prilikom dodavanja prostora nije nepohodno (premda preporucljivo) da se backup LV, ali prilikom smanjivanja je NEOPHODNO!
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10. Named

instalirati

Code:
yum install bind
yum install system-config-bind

zatim

Code:
system-config-bind

Ovo je GUI alat koji generise default named.conf (u cashing only mode). Ukoliko ovo hocete peske, morate sami da kopirate I named.conf, sve zone fileove...

onda snimiti default i to je up and running cashing only server
Zone file za master zonu bi izgledao ovako

Code:

zone "dorde-dokanovic.info" IN {
        type master;
        file "/var/named/dorde-dokanovic.info";
        allow-transfer { 192.168.1.101; };
};

Slave

Code:
zone "db.dorde.dokanovic.info" IN {
        type slave;
        file "slaves/db.dorde.dokanovic.info";
        masters { 192.168.1.101; };
};

Da startujemo servis prilikom boot-a (za 2,3,4,5 runlevel)

Code:
chkconfig –-level 2345 named on

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kada kreiramo novu zonu svi fileovi ce biti u /var/named
ako hocemo drugu lokaciju mora da se specificira tacno

Da vidimo kakav je status procesa

Code:
/etc/init.d/named status
service named status

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port je TCP/UDP 53
Najprostije bi bilo ovako i iptables

Code:
iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 53 -j ACCEPT

iptables -A INPUT -p udp --dport 53 -j ACCEPT

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NFS

/etc/exports

primer

Code:
/temp_dir1    *(rw,sync,no_root_squash)
/temp_dir2    192.168.1.11(rw,sync) 192.168.1.12(ro) 192.168.1.0/24(ro,sync,no_root_squash)

“no_root_squash” (remote root users will NOT be treated as a root once they connect to the server)
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Nfs deamon menja portove na kojima slusa prilikom restart servisa ili reboot. Stoga da bi lepo radio kroz iptables moraju da se podese staticki portovi za
locked (TCP)
locked (UDP)
mountd (TCP)
statd (TCP)
koje mozemo videti sa

Code:
rpcinfo -p

Da podesimo staticke portove (uncomment) za pomenute deamons

Code:
vi /etc/sysconfig/nfs

Citat:
RQUOTAD_PORT
LOCKD_TCPPORT
LOCKD_UDPPORT
MOUNTD_PORT
STATD_PORT
STATD_OUTGOING_PORT

Kada podesimo da budu staticki portovi, startujemo nfs

Code:
service nfs start

Da mount direktorijum sa udaljenog servera

Code:
mount -t nfs 192.168.1.10:/remote_dir /local_dir/

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Videti share-ovano

Code:
showmount -e

################################

Mount-ovanje imate u Automount/fstab sekciji

########################################
nakon promena u /etc/exports

exportfs -a (za sve)
exportfs -r kada dodamo dir da se doda u shares

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podrzati pisanje(write) pristup - selinux

Code:
setsebool -P nfs_export_all_rw 1

Za detaljniji Selinux pogledati

Code:
man nfs_selinux

Host acces se regulise u /etc/exports
User Acces preko acl!

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RAID

RAID 0 koristi oba diska da pise po njima ne obezbedjuje data redudancy (ako jedan rikne ide sve u ku***)

RAID 1 mirroring izmedju 2 ili vise diskova

RAID 4 (requires 3 or more disks) jedan sluzi kao parity disk ostala dva za podatke, obezbedjena data redudancy

RAID 5 (requires 3 or more disks) slicno kao RAID 4 ali se parity informacije pisu na svm diskovma , obezbedjena data redudancy

RAID 6 (requires 4 or more disks) two levels of parity, 2 mogu da riknu i podaci da budu sigurni :-)

da se vidi poostojeci RAID

Code:
cat /proc/mdstat

Fromatiracemo prvo sve diskove (sdd, sde, sdf)

Code:
fdisk /dev/sdd

System type treba da bude “fd” (Linux raid auto)

da se kreira RAID

Code:
mdadm --create --verbose /dev/md0 --level=4 --raid-devices=3 /dev/sdd1 /dev/sde1 /dev/sdf1

remove disk from raid

Code:
mdadm --verbose /dev/md0 -f /dev/sdd1 -r /dev/sdd1

Prikaz raid

Code:
mdadm --detail /dev/md0
(il md1 ili koji vec)
zatm se formatira RAID device

Code:
mkfs.ext3 /dev/md0

Sada mozemo da mount raid /dev/md0

Code:
mount -t ext3 /dev/md0 /raid/

Dodati novi disk RAID array

Code:
mdadm --verbose /dev/md0 -a /dev/sdg1
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